Revolutionary Activities
"Freedom in any case is only possible by constantly struggling for it"
Albert Einstein
Hindustan Republican Army (HRA)
- Year of establishment - 1924
- Place of establishment - Kanpur
- Founding members - Sachindra Sanyal and Yogesh Chatterjee
It was the first all India revolutionary organisation established by revolutionaries in 1924 at Kanpur under the leadership of Sachindra Sanyal and Yogesh Chatterjee.
Their very first act was looting cash from a train at the station called Kakori near Lucknow.
Under a conspiracy case (Kakori Train Conspiracy 1925) four revolutionaries were convicted. They are -
- Ramprasad Bismil
- Roshan Lal
- Rajendra Lahiri
- Asaf-ullah Khan
Others members of Hindustan Republican Association who was involved in Kakori Train Conspiracy are -
- Bismil Khan
- Chandra Shekhar Azad
- Sachindra Bakshi
- Keshav Chakravarti
- Manmathnath Gupta
- Mukundi Lal
- Ramkrishna Khtri
- Yogesh Chandra Chatterjee, etc
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)
Under the leadership of Chandra Shekhar Azad, Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was converted to Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928 at Firoz Shah Kotla Ground.
The official aim of this organisation was to establish socialism in India.
The leaders of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association decided to abandon the policy of assassinating unpopular British officers but there was an exception Saunders.
Bhagat Singh
Born at Lahore in 1907, Bhagat Singh belonged to the family of revolutionaries. His uncle Ajit Singh was a very reputed revolutionary.
He completed his schooling from D.A.V. School, Lahore. Later, when he went to college he created Naujawan Bharat Sabha and Lahore Chhatra Sangh.
He was influenced with the Marxist thought and was a great follower of Class struggle.
"Inquilab Zindabad" slogan was given by Maulana Hasrat Mohani but was popularised by Bhagat Singh.
According to him, freedom means the end of exploitation not just merely the change in the ruler.
He was very critical to communalism and also wrote an article - 'Why I am Atheist'.
Note - Philosophy of Bomb was written by Bhagwati Chandra Vohra.
Bhagat Singh founded Naujavan Bharat Sabha and Lahore Chhatra Sangh. He was influenced from Marxist thought and revolution to him was not just political freedom but also end of exploitation of the marginalised people. He was very critical to the communalism.
He wrote an article, 'Why I am an atheist'.
He believed in wider participation and spreading awareness among the masses than the display of singular heroism.
He along with Raj Guru and Sukhdev were responsible for killing of the British officer Saunders, though they wanted to kill James Scott, the commanding officer who order lati charge on Lala Lajpat Rai. But after killing Saunders they considered the mission to be completed.
On 08 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in Central legislative assembly when India defence act 1929 was getting passed in the assembly which curtails the rights of the Indians.
It was a low intensity bomb not to hurt anybody but in the words of Bharat Singh, it was thrown 'to make the deaf hear'.
After throwing the bomb they quoted arrest with slogan, "Inquilab Zindabad!"
Britishers convicted all the revolutionaries in different cases and also issued shoot at sight warrant against revolutionaries. Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukhdev were hanged on 23 March 1931 in Lahore Conspiracy Case.
In Feb 1931, Chandra Shekhar Azad shot himself dead during a police encounter in Alfred Park, Prayagraj (Now this park was renamed as Chandrashekhar Azad Park).
British authority convicted Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukhdev for killing Saunders and were hanged on 23 March 1931.
At the instance of Chandra Shekhar Azad, Bhagwati Chandra Vohra wrote 'Philosophy of Bomb'.
Revolutionary activities in Bengal
Gopinath Saha attempted to assassinate Charles Tegart, the hated police commissioner of Calcutta but killed someone else.
In Bengal Women revolutionaries were very active. Shanti Ghosh and Sunidhi Chaudhari assassinated district magistrate, Charles Stevens (of Commilla district). They both were minors.
Bina Das a revolutionary tried to kill governor general of Bengal, Stanley Jackson while receiving her degree at convocation ceremony.
Indian Republican Army (IRA) or Chittagong Group
The group was led by Master Surya Sen, who planned to occupy Chittagong armory. He was supported by two ladies Pritilata Wadedar and Kalpana Joshi.
During the raid Pritilata martyred but Kalpana and Surya Sen escaped.
Surya Sen continued his activities but finally he was arrested in 1933 and after trial he was hanged on 12 January 1934.
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Note - This is my Vision IAS Notes (Vision IAS Class Notes) and Ashutosh Pandey Sir's Public Administration Class notes. I've also added some of the information on my own.
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