Lucknow Pact and Government of India Act 1919

Lucknow Pact and Montague-Chelmsford Reforms (GoI Act 1919)

Lucknow Session of Congress 

This session led to the re-unification of two branches of the Congress and for the first time Muslim League joined the Lucknow Session which resulted into Lucknow Pact between INC and Muslim League.

President in Lucknow Session of INC (1916) - Ambika Charan Mazumdar

Note - Moderate leader Firoz Shah Mehta did not want the unification and obstruct the unification. So, after his death, the unification of INC took place.

Lucknow Pact (1916) 

1. Congress accepted the concept of separate electorate for Muslim (as per Government of India Act of 1909).
2. They also accepted that the Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government.
3. There shall be self government in India.
4. They demanded to increase the number of Indian members in the central and provincial legislative council.

Negative aspects of the Lucknow Pact 

1. It was based on belief that Hindus and Muslims are separate political entity.
2. It leads to domino effect whereby other communities also started to demand separate electorate for themselves.
3. It was like opening the gateway of future communalism.

Montague Statement of 1917 

Montague declared that the British government policy in India is of an increasing participation of Indians in every branch of administration and the gradual development of self governing institutions with a view to progressive realisation of responsible government of India as an integral part of the British empire.

No specific time frame was given and also it was British government to decide the nature and timing of advance.

Montague-Chelmsford reforms (GoI Act 1919) 

1. It introduced dyarchy in the province which means rule of two, i.e., executive councilors and popular ministers.
2. It divided the subjects into two categories - Reserved and Transferred subjects. Reserved subjects included finance, laws & order, land revenue, irrigation, etc. Transferred subjects included health, education, industry, local government, agriculture, etc. 
3. Reserved subjects to be looked after by the governor through executive councilors. Transferred subjects to be looked after by popular ministers.
4. The ministers were responsible to legislature but not the executive councilors.
5. In case of failure of constitutional machinery in the province, governor can take over the administration of transferred subjects also.
6. Bicameral legislature was introduced at the Central level.
7. System of communal electorate was further extended to Sikhs and Anglo-Indians community.
8. Women were also given right to vote.

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Note - This is my Vision IAS Notes (Vision IAS Class Notes) and Ashutosh Pandey Sir's Public Administration Class notes. I've also added some of the information on my own. 

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